Construction Web Site - Table of Contents

• History of Housing
  
  • Traditional Timber
    
    • The Beginnings of the Tradition
      
    • The Development of the ‘Framed Wall’
      
    • From Trees to Timber
      
    • Timber Frame Types
      
    • Construction Elements
      
    • Print version
      
  • 300 Years - Style
    
    • Georgian Architecture - Introduction
      
    • Georgian Architecture - Theory of Design
      
    • Georgian Architecture - Developments
      
    • Regency
      
    • Victorian Architecture - Introduction
      
    • Victorian - Style
      
    • Late Victorian and Edwardian Architecture - Change
      
    • Between the Wars, 1918-1939 - Part One
      
    • Between the Wars, 1918-1939 - Part Two
      
    • Between the Wars, 1918-1939 - Part Three
      
    • Post-War Housing, 1945-1960s - Introduction
      
    • Post-War Housing, 1945-1960s - Flats
      
    • Post-War Housing, 1960s Low Rise
      
    • Print version
      
  • Old Services
    
    • Introduction
      
    • 1850s - Middle Class
      
    • 1850s - Working Class
      
    • Late 19th century - Middle Class
      
    • Late 19th century - Working Class
      
    • Conclusion
      
    • Print version
      
  • Council Housing
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Before Council Housing
      
    • Homes for Heroes
      
    • Inter-war Slum Clearance
      
    • Meeting the Post-war Housing Shortage
      
    • A New Urban Vision
      
    • Pushing the Boundaries and Housing All
      
    • The Impact of the ‘Right to Buy’
      
    • The Future of Council Housing
      
    • Print version
      
  • 20th C Elements
    
    • Foundations
      
    • External walls
      
    • Ground Floors
      
    • Upper Floors
      
    • Roof Structure
      
    • Windows
      
    • Print version
      
  • 20th C Periods
    
    • House Ages - early 1900s
      
    • House Ages - 1930s
      
    • House Ages - 1950s and 1960s
      
    • House Ages - 1980s
      
    • House Ages - early 21st century
      
    • Print version
      
  • Cottage 1900
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Specification
      
    • Print version
      
• Building Regs.
  
  • Nature & Scope
    
    • Introduction - History of Building Control
      
    • A Brief Explanation of the Building Act
      
    • How to comply with the requirements of the Building Regulations.
      
    • How materials and workmanship are assessed for compliance with the Regs.
      
    • Common Questions
      
    • Print version
      
  • Foundations
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Design Generally
      
    • Design - Foundations & Drains
      
    • Print version
      
  • Walls
    
    • Wall Height, Strength, Loading etc.
      
    • Resistance to Moisture
      
    • Wall Restraint
      
    • Sound and Fire
      
    • Print version
      
  • Floors
    
    • Ground Floors - Introduction
      
    • Ground Floors - Ground bearing slabs
      
    • Ground Floors - Suspended concrete
      
    • Ground Floors - Suspended timber
      
    • Upper Floors - Structure
      
    •  Upper Floors - Sound and Fire
      
    • Print version
      
  • Roofing
    
    • Introduction 
      
    • Roofs and Fire
      
    • Insulation and Ventilation
      
    • Weather Resistance
      
    • Flue Construction
      
    • Print version
      
  • Insulation & SAPS
    
    • Conservation of Fuel and Power - Building Regulations 2006
      
    • SAP Ratings
      
    • Print version
      
  • Services
    
    • Foul Drainage - Above Ground
      
    • Foul Drainage - Below Ground
      
    • Rainwater Disposal
      
    • Waste Water and Cesspools
      
    • Drainage - Miscellaneous
      
    • Electrical Installations
      
    • Water Regulations (not part of B. Regs)
      
    • Print version
      
• Foundations
  
  • Site Investigation
    
    • Site Investigation - Introduction
      
    • Desk Study
      
    • Walk-over Survey
      
    • Ground Investigation
      
    • Soils - (Subsoil)
      
    • Soil Identification - based on BRE Digest 64
      
    • Allowable Bearing Pressure - Adapted from BS 8004: 1986, Table 1 
      
    • Print version
      
  • Ground Problems
    
    • Potential Hazards
      
    • Mining - Overview
      
    • Mining - Coal
      
    • Mining - Metals
      
    • Mining - Other Minerals
      
    • Building on Existing Filled Sites - 1
      
    • Building on Existing Filled Sites - 2
      
    • Trees - Part One
      
    • Trees - Part Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Concrete
    
    • Introduction
      
    • A Brief History of Concrete
      
    • Properties
      
    • Specification
      
    • Print version
      
  • Founds - Type & Choice
    
    • Foundation Types
      
    •  Foundation Choice - A Simple Guide
      
    • Print version
      
  • Strip Foundations
    
    • A Brief History
      
    • Summary
      
    • Choice - Strip or Trench-fill?
      
    • Checking Levels
      
    • Foundation Sizes
      
    • Widths - from Table 7, BS 8103 Part 1: 1995
      
    • Summary - Part One
      
    • Summary - Part Two
      
    • Potential Problems
      
    • Examples
      
    • Print version
      
  • Piles, Pier & Rafts
    
    • Piling - Introduction
      
    • Piling - The Choice 
      
    • Pre-cast Piles (with insitu ground beam)
      
    • Augered Piles 
      
    • Continuous Helical Displacement Piles
      
    • Insitu Ground Beams
      
    • Piers
      
    • Case Studies
      
    • Repair Systems - Roger Bullivant
      
    • Rafts
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawing
      
    • Sequences
      
    • 2D and 3D Animations
      
    • Panoramas
      
    • Video Clips
      
    • Revision
      
    • Test
      
• Walls
  
  • Terminology
    
    • Introduction
      
    • General terms 
      
    • Terminology - Gothic
      
    • Terminology - Classical
      
    • Print version
      
  • Bricks & Brickmaking
    
    • Bricks - Introduction
      
    • Six Brick Buildings
      
    • Clay Bricks
      
    • Concrete Bricks
      
    • Durability of Clay Bricks
      
    • Special Bricks
      
    • Special Bricks - Example
      
    • Print version
      
  • Blocks & Blockwork
    
    • Concrete Blocks - Introduction
      
    • Dense Concrete Blocks
      
    • Lightweight Concrete Blocks
      
    • Aerated Concrete Blocks - Aircrete
      
    • Aerated Concrete Blocks - Properties and Mortar Mixes
      
    • Aerated Blocks - Practice
      
    • Sound Insulation: Party Walls & Partitions
      
    • Print version
      
  • Stone & Stonework
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Six Stone Buildings
      
    • Stone - The Material
      
    • Stone Quarrying
      
    • Carving Stone
      
    • Rubble Work
      
    • Dimensioned Stone
      
    • Stone - Defects 
      
    •  Stone - Repairs 
      
    • Tracery Example
      
    • Print version
      
  • Mortar
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Lime Mortars - Early Uses
      
    • Lime Mortars - Manufacture & Chemistry
      
    • Modern Mortars - Introduction
      
    • Modern Mortars - Principles
      
    • Working with Mortar on Site
      
    • Jointing and Pointing
      
    • Print version
      
  • Solid Walls
    
    • Introduction
      
    • English Bond
      
    • Flemish Bonds
      
    • Other Bonds
      
    • Early DPCs
      
    • Brick Arches
      
    • Print version
      
  • Cavity Walls
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Early Cavity Walls
      
    • Early Cavity Walls - Head, Sill and Jamb
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Generally
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Wall Ties
      
    • Movement Joints
      
    • Cavity Wall Tie Failure
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Jambs
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Lintels
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Sills
      
    • Modern Cavity Walls - Parapets
      
    • Print version
      
  • Insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Simple U value calculation
      
    • Typical U values 
      
    • Code for Sustainable Homes Levels 3 and 4
      
    • Insulating Cavity Walls
      
    • Wall insulation - internal or external
      
    • Dry Lining - Rockwool Liner Board
      
    • External Insulation - Rockwool RockShield
      
    • Cavity Fill - Blown Insulation
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawing
      
    • House Drawings
      
    • Sequences
      
    • Video Clips
      
    • Revision
      
    • Test
      
• Floors
  
  • Timber
    
    • Ground Floor - 1890s
      
    • Ground Floor - 1920s-1960s
      
    • Ground Floor - Modern
      
    • Upper Floors - pre 19th century
      
    • Upper Floors - Victorian
      
    • Upper Floors - Modern - Cut Joists
      
    • Upper Floors - Modern - Metal web joists
      
    • Upper Floors - Fire & Sound
      
    • Print version
      
  • Ground-bearing slabs
    
    • Principles
      
    • Early Floors
      
    • Modern Floors & DPMs
      
    • Hardcores
      
    • Insitu Concrete
      
    • Floor Finishes 
      
    • Insulation Principles
      
    • Insulation Practice
      
    • Ground-bearing Floor - Case Study
      
    • Print version
      
  • Pre-cast concrete
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Pre-cast Ground Floors - One
      
    • Pre-cast Ground Floors - Two
      
    • Pre-cast Upper Floors
      
    • Early 'Fire Resisting' Floors
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawings
      
    • Sequences
      
    • Video Clips
      
    • Revision Papers
      
    • Tests
      
• Roof Structure
  
  • Terminology
    
    • Roof Structure - Terminology
      
    • Medieval Roofs
      
    • Print version
      
  • Cut Roofs
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Lean-to Roofs - Simple
      
    • Lean-to Roofs - Less Common
      
    • Eaves Details - Simple
      
    • Eaves Details - Less Common
      
    • Verge Details
      
    • Simple Traditional Roofs 
      
    • Simple Purlin Roofs 
      
    • Complex Purlin Roofs
      
    • Complex New Roofs
      
    • Some Examples of Older Traditional Roofs
      
    • Print version
      
  • Trussed Rafters
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Examples of Different Types
      
    • Manufacture
      
    • Fixing 
      
    • Bracing  
      
    • Restraint Strapping
      
    • Support for Tanks
      
    • Complex Roofs
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawing
      
    • Sequences
      
    • Panoramas
      
    • Video Clips
      
    • Revision
      
    • Test
      
• Roof Coverings
  
  • Terms & Materials
    
    • Materials
      
    • Terminology
      
    • Print version
      
  • Felt & Batten
    
    • Early Felts (Underlays)
      
    • Modern Felts   
      
    • Some Felt Details
      
    • Battens & Counter-battens
      
    • Print version
      
  • Slate
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Natural Slates - Materials
      
    • Natural Slates - Laying - Part One
      
    • Natural Slates - Laying - Part Two
      
    • Natural Slates - Details
      
    • Stone Slates 
      
    • Artificial Slates 
      
    • History of the Slate Industry
      
    • Geology and Extraction
      
    • The Present Day
      
    • Print version
      
  • Plain Tiles
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Materials etc.
      
    • Fixing
      
    • Some Details from Eternit's Technical Guide
      
    • Shingles
      
    • Print version
      
  • Single Lap Tiles
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Pantiles
      
    • 'Romans'
      
    • Interlocking Tiles - One
      
    • Interlocking Tiles - Two
      
    • Dry Fixing Systems - Marley
      
    • Redland Dry-tech
      
    • Some Details from the Redland Guide
      
    • Print version
      
  • Flashings
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Abutment Flashings - Double Lap Coverings
      
    • Abutment Flashings - Single Lap Coverings
      
    • Valleys and Gutters
      
    • Chimney Flashings
      
    • Print version
      
  • Ventilation
    
    • Ventilation and Insulation - Principles
      
    • Insulation at Ceiling Level
      
    • Insulation at Rafters Level
      
    • Insulation over Rafters
      
    • Ventilation Systems from Marley
      
    • Redland (Lafarge) Systems
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Sequences
      
    • Panorama
      
    • Video Clips
      
    • Revision
      
    • Tests
      
• Finishes
  
  • Early Plasters
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Lime - The Material
      
    • Hydraulic Limes
      
    • Using Lime Plaster - Generally
      
    • Early Lime Renders and Stucco
      
    • Decorative Ceilings - Lime
      
    • Specifying Lime Plaster
      
    • Special Plasters
      
    • Ornamental Plasterwork 
      
    • Plaster Specification - 1930s
      
    •  Gypsum plaster - mid 20th century
      
    • Print version
      
  • Modern Plasters
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Gypsum Plasters
      
    • Gypsum Plaster - Preparation and Application
      
    • Cement and Lime based Plasters
      
    • Print version
      
  • P/Boards and Ceilings
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Drylining
      
    • Ceilings
      
    • Jointing, Finishing and Skimming
      
    • Print version
      
  • Partitions
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Early partitions - Studwork
      
    • Early Partitions - Blocks and Boards
      
    • Modern Block Partitions
      
    • Modern Timber Studwork
      
    • Metal Partitions
      
    • Proprietary Plasterboard Partitions
      
    • Print version
      
  • Rendering
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Materials
      
    • General principles
      
    • Backgrounds
      
    • Application
      
    • Finishes
      
    • Insulating Renders
      
    • Re-rendering example
      
    • Print version
      
  • Paint (old)
    
    • Victorian and Edwardian - Oil Paints 1 
      
    • Victorian and Edwardian - Oil Paints 2
      
    • Victorian and Edwardian - Limewash and Distemper
      
    • Early to Mid 20th Century Paint
      
    • Lead Paint - Hazards and Legislation
      
    • Print version
      
  • Wallpaper
    
    • Origins
      
    • A Period of Innovation
      
    • Early Trade
      
    • Progress and Machine-made Papers
      
    • Health & Taste in Victorian Times
      
    • Influential Figures
      
    • Lincrusta & Anaglypta
      
    • New Markets
      
    • Amended from Rivington's Notes on Building Construction
      
    • The Manufacturing Process Today
      
    • Print version
      
• Hot & Cold Water
  
  • Supply
    
    • Typical Treatment Works - Barrow, Bristol
      
    • Taste and Colour etc
      
    • Distribution & Connection
      
    • Print version
      
  • Pipes & Fittings
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Pipes
      
    • Pipe Jointing
      
    • Cold Water Tanks - Cisterns
      
    • Cylinders
      
    • Check Valves
      
    • Print version
      
  • Layout
    
    • Cold Water
      
    • Brief History of Hot Water
      
    • Local and Instantaneous Water Heaters
      
    • Vented cylinders
      
    • Unvented Hot Water
      
    • Glossary - a few definitions
      
    • Print version
      
• Heating
  
  • General Information
    
    • Introduction - Early Central Heating
      
    • Fuels
      
    • Print version
      
  • Chimneys & Fires
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Chimneys & Fires - Evolution
      
    • Chimney Construction - Existing
      
    • Chimney Construction - new
      
    • Fuel  (solid)
      
    • Chimney Inspection - Structure
      
    • Chimney Inspection - Dampness
      
    • Chimney Inspection - Operation
      
    • Chimney Inspection - Testing and Sweeping
      
    • Chimneys - Lining
      
    • Chimneys - Thermocrete Lining Systems
      
    • Chimneys - Steel Lining Systems
      
    • A Chapter from a Victorian text book
      
    • Print version
      
  • Central Heating
    
    • Gas and Oil Boilers
      
    • Gas and Oil Layouts
      
    • Solid Fuel Central Heating
      
    • Central heating - Controls
      
    • Radiators - An Introduction
      
    • Microbore & Underfloor Systems
      
    • Electric Heating
      
    • Print version
      
• Electrics
  
  • History & Hazards
    
    • Brief History
      
    • Early Installations 
      
    • Nature of Accidents
      
    • Hazards - Think SAFE
      
    • Print version
      
  • Modern Systems
    
    • Consumer unit 
      
    • Circuits
      
    • Cables and flexes
      
    • Installation
      
    • Earthing
      
    • Sockets and Switches etc
      
    • Periodic Inspection Reports
      
    • Print version
      
• Drainage
  
  • Sanitation History
    
    • Disease
      
    • Privies and Chamber Pots
      
    • Early Water Closets
      
    • Victorian Public Health Legislation
      
    • Personal Hygiene
      
    • Water Supply
      
    • Bathrooms
      
    • Modern Water Closets
      
    • Print version
      
  • Above Gd Drainage
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Traps and Siphonage
      
    • Two Pipe System
      
    • Single Stack Principles
      
    • Single Stack Practice
      
    • Print version
      
  • Below Gd Drainage
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Drainage Pipes
      
    • Joints
      
    • Drainage Fittings
      
    • Inspection Chambers and Access
      
    • Trenches and Bedding
      
    • Drainage Layouts
      
    • General - Design Requirements
      
    • Access Fittings - Design Requirements
      
    • Print version
      
  • Rainwater Drainage
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Rainwater Pipes - A Brief History
      
    • Modern Rainwater Systems
      
    • Print version
      
  • Treatment
    
    • A Typical Works
      
    • Cesspools and Septic Tanks
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawing
      
    • Sequences
      
    • Print version
      
• System Building
  
  • Timber Frame 1950s
    
    • Post War Timber Frame Housing
      
    • The 1957 Ideal Home Exhibition
      
    • Sections of 1950's Exhibition House
      
    • Print version
      
  • Timber Frame Modern
    
    • Substructure
      
    • Timber Frame Housing - Wall Panels
      
    • Timber Frame - Upper Floors & Partitions
      
    • Upper Panels and Roof
      
    • Timber Frame - Cladding - Brick
      
    • Timber Frame - Cladding - Supported Systems
      
    • Timber Frame Housing - Fire Protection;  Party Walls
      
    • Timber Frame Housing - Typical Opening Details
      
    • Timber Frame Sequence
      
    • Timber frame Drawings
      
    • Print version
      
  • Concrete Low Rise
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Post-war Problems in the Building Trade.
      
    • Airey Houses - One
      
    • Airey Houses -Two
      
    • Cornish Houses
      
    • Reema Houses  
      
    • Unity Houses
      
    • One or Two Other Low Rise Systems
      
    • PRC Houses - The Main Defect
      
    • The 1984 Housing Defects Act
      
    • Styro Stone (in situ concrete)
      
    • Tunnel Form
      
    • Print version
      
  • Concrete High Rise
    
    • Evolution
      
    • Types
      
    • In situ Concrete Frames
      
    • Cross Wall and Box Frame
      
    • No-Fines Systems  - Part One
      
    • No-Fines Systems - Part Two
      
    • Panel Systems
      
    • Print version
      
  • Steel Systems
    
    • Quarry Hill Flats - One
      
    • Quarry Hill Flats - Two
      
    • Steel Houses - 1940s and 1950s
      
    • Surebuild - Walls, Floors and Roof
      
    • Surebuild - Internal Walls and Services 
      
    • Modern Steel Framed Flats
      
    • Print version
      
  • Resources
    
    • Drawings
      
    • Sequences
      
    • Panorama
      
    • Panorama Answers
      
    • System Building - Revision
      
    • Video Clips
      
• EPC & Energy Use
  
  • Principles
    
    • Heat Transfer
      
    • Thermal Insulation
      
    • Print version
      
  • U values & Heat Loss
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Simple U value calculation
      
    • Typical K values
      
    • Typical U values
      
    • Floor Insulation
      
    • More Complex U Values - Walls
      
    • Adjusting/Comparing U Values
      
    • Print version
      
  • Energy Perf Certs.
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Survey of 9 Smith Avenue
      
    • Site Survey Form
      
    • Energy Performance Certificate
      
    • RDSAP Documentation
      
    • Print version
      
  • Heating
    
    • Gas and Oil Boilers
      
    • Gas and Oil Layouts
      
    • Solid Fuel Central Heating
      
    • Central heating - Controls
      
    • Electric Heating
      
    • Improving Efficiency of Water-based Central Heating Systems
      
    • Print version
      
  • Ventilation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Draughtstripping
      
    • Ventilation
      
    • Print version
      
  • Condensation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • How, where and why condensation occurs
      
    • Moisture generation
      
    • Condensation on Walls and Floors
      
    • Condensation in Roofs
      
    • Analysis
      
    • RH and Internal Surface Temperature
      
    • Interstitial condensation
      
    • Avoiding Condensation
      
    • Condensation Check List
      
    • Print version
      
  • Windows
    
    • Multiple Glazing
      
    • Options
      
    • Replacement Windows
      
    • Print version
      
  • Roof insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Insulation at Ceiling Level
      
    • Insulation at Rafters Level
      
    • Print version
      
  • Floor Insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Timber Floors
      
    • Concrete Floors
      
    • Print version
      
  • External insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Cost & Savings
      
    • Suitability
      
    • Materials & Systems
      
    • Precautions & Detailing
      
    • Advantages and Disadvantages
      
    • Print version
      
  • Cavity insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Guarantees
      
    • Filling Cavity Walls -  Exposure and Cavity Thickness
      
    • Cavity Walls - Assessment
      
    • Filling Cavity Walls - Materials and Methods
      
    • History of Cavity Walls
      
    • Cavity Walls - Visible Problems
      
    • Cavity Walls - Potential Hidden Problems
      
    • Thermal Bridging & Condensation
      
    • Conclusions
      
    • Print version
      
  • Internal insulation
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Non Thermal Considerations
      
    • Test
      
    • Print version
      
  • Renewables - Intro
    
    • Introduction
      
    • General Concerns
      
    • Print version
      
  • Photovoltaics
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Solar Water Htg
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Wind power
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Ground Source HP
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Air Source HP
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Biomass
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Combined H&P
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Implications
      
    • Print version
      
  • Selection
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Calculating Your Own Costs and Savings
      
    • Costs & Savings Generally
      
    • Aspirations/Recommended Improvements
      
    • Print version
      
• Trad Timber Frame
  
  • Evolution
    
    • Introduction
      
    • The Development of the ‘Framed Wall’
      
    • From Trees to Timber
      
    • The Joinery
      
    • Cross Frames, Bays and Roof Types
      
    • Frame Types - Box and Post & Truss
      
    • Frame Types - Aisled and Cruck
      
    • Setting-out, Marking-up and Manufacture
      
    • Elemental Constructional Details
      
    • Regional variation
      
    • Historical development
      
    • Conclusion
      
    • Print version
      
  • Style & Detail
    
    • Layout
      
    • Framing
      
    • Roof Types
      
    • Print version
      
  • Repairs
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Nature of Oak
      
    • Assessment & Analysis
      
    • Defects - One
      
    • Defects - Two
      
    • Defects - Three
      
    • Principles of Conservation 
      
    • Conservation Principles Applied to Timber
      
    • Timber Repairs
      
    • Steel Repairs
      
    • Resin Repairs
      
    • Case Study One - The Wool Barn, Frampton-on-Severn, Gloucestershire.
      
    • Case Study Two - Barn at Silchester, Berkshire
      
    • Print version
      
• Gothic
  
  • Evolution
    
    • Romanesque/Norman Period 1066 - 1175 (approx)
      
    • Norman Examples
      
    • The Early English Period 1175 - 1275 (approx)
      
    • Early English Examples
      
    • The Decorated Period - 1275-1350 (approx)
      
    • Some examples of the Decorated Style
      
    • The Perpendicular Period - 1350 - 1530 (approx)
      
    • Some Examples of the Perpendicular Style
      
    • Print version
      
  • Elements
    
    • Arches and Columns - Norman
      
    • Arches and Columns - Gothic
      
    • Vaults
      
    • Windows
      
    • Buttresses
      
    • Towers in Abbeys and Cathedrals
      
    • Parish Church Towers
      
    • Print version
      
  • Layout & Use
    
    • Church Layout
      
    • Areas within a Church
      
    • The Church; components and use by parishioners and clergy - Part One
      
    • The Church; components and use by parishioners and clergy - Part Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Research
    
    • Research Sources
      
    • Getting Started
      
    • Temple Church Bristol
      
    • Bath Abbey - Some notes on its 'restoration' and research records
      
    • Print version
      
  • Masons
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Types of Mason
      
    • Print version
      
  • Three Cathedrals
    
    • Wells
      
    • Salisbury
      
    • Gloucester
      
    • Print version
      
  • Summary of video styles
    
• Iron
  
  • Iron
    
    • A Brief History
      
    •  Properties of Cast and Wrought Iron
      
    • Shaping iron
      
    • Surveys
      
    • Ethics
      
    • Repair techniques - Hot
      
    • Repair Techniques - Cold
      
    • Print version
      
• Site Photos
  
  • Estate Photos
    
    • Foundations and Ground Floors
      
    • Walls
      
    • Upper Floors
      
    • Roofing
      
    • Internal
      
  • House Photos
    
    • Foundations and Ground Floors
      
    • Timber Frame
      
    • Upper Floors
      
    • Roofing
      
    • Cladding & Render
      
    • Internal Finishes
      
    • Services
      
  • Extension Photos
    
    • Foundations and Ground Floors
      
    • Walls, Upper Floor & Roof
      
    • Everything Else
      
• Defects Photos
  
  • Cracking & Movement
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 1
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 2
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 3
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 4
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 5
      
    • Defects - Movement and cracking - Page 6
      
    • Interest - Movement & Cracking
      
    • Print version
      
  • Masonry
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Defects - Brickwork - Page 1
      
    • Defects - Brickwork - Page 2
      
    • Defects - Stonework
      
    • Interest - Brick
      
    • Interest - Stonework
      
    • Print version
      
  • Garden Walls & Stacks
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Garden walls - Page One
      
    • Garden walls - Page Two
      
    • Defects - Chimneys
      
    • Defects - Chimneys - Photos supplied by Chimney Care
      
    • Interest - Garden walls
      
    • Print version
      
  • Roofing
    
    • Roof Structure and Coverings
      
    • Roof Structure
      
    • Roof Coverings - Page One
      
    • Roof Coverings - Page Two
      
    • Roof Flashings
      
    • Interest - Roof Structure
      
    • Interest - Roof Coverings
      
    • Print version
      
  • Finishes
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Rendering - Page One
      
    • Rendering - Page Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Dampness
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Dampness - Page One
      
    • Dampness - Page Two
      
    • Print version
      
• Cracking
  
  • Substructure
    
    • Foundation Types - Old and New
      
    • Settlement
      
    • Subsidence - Introduction
      
    • Subsidence - Coal Mining One
      
    • Subsidence - Coal Mining Two
      
    • Subsidence - Other Mineral Extraction
      
    • Subsidence - Clay Soils and Trees
      
    • Heave
      
    • Other Ground Related Problems
      
    • Poor Workmanship
      
    • Print version
      
  • Superstructure
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Loading - General
      
    • Loading - Arches & Lintels
      
    • Wall Bonding
      
    • Moisture Movement & Shrinkage
      
    • Thermal Movement
      
    • Chemical Causes  - Sulfate Attack
      
    • Chemical Causes  - Wall-tie Failure
      
    • Chemical Causes  - Carbonation & Rusting
      
    • Print version
      
  • Diagnosis
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Cracking - Recording
      
    • Cracking - Inspection
      
    • Cracking - Classification
      
    • Crack Monitoring & Ground Investigation
      
    • Crack Analysis - Introduction
      
    • Print version
      
  • Repair
    
    • Options
      
    • Underpinning - Part 1
      
    • Underpinning - Part 2
      
    • Print version
      
• House Profiles
  
  • Victorian Villas
    
    • History - Introduction
      
    • History - Proposed Development
      
    • History - Post Development
      
    • Front Elevation
      
    • Rear Elevation
      
    • Room Use
      
    • Floor Construction
      
    • Main Roof - Structure
      
    • Extension Roof, Coverings & Stacks
      
    • Loft Extension  - Structure
      
    • Loft extension - Finishing
      
    • Print version
      
  • Frederick St
    
    • Introduction
      
    • History - The Area
      
    • History - The House
      
    • Construction  - Front Elevation
      
    • Construction  - Rear Elevation
      
    • Construction  - Main Roof
      
    • Construction - Ground Floor
      
    • Construction - Upper Floor
      
    • Layout - Ground Floor
      
    • Layout - Upper Floor
      
    • Layout - Roof
      
    • Print version
      
  • Madeley St
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Floor Plans
      
    • Guided Tour - Cellar and Ground Floor
      
    • Guided Tour - First Floor and Attic
      
    • Wall Construction
      
    • Floor Joist Layout
      
    • Roof Construction - Part One
      
    • Roof Construction - Part Two
      
    • Roof Construction - Part Three
      
    • Print version
      
  • Long St
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Elevations
      
    • Room Layout
      
    • Ground Floor Introduction
      
    • Ground Floor Plan
      
    • Upper Floor Construction
      
    • Roof Construction - One
      
    • Roof Construction - Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Mill Lane
    
    • Introduction
      
    • The Design Process Part 1
      
    • The Design Process Part 2
      
    • Planning Permission
      
    • Getting a Builder's Estimate
      
    • Contract
      
    • Site Preparation & Foundations
      
    • Drainage Problems
      
    • Ground Floor
      
    • Superstructure - Walls
      
    • Superstructure - Upper Floor and Roof
      
    • Electrics & Plumbing
      
    • Cutting Through
      
    • Finishing Off
      
    • Print version
      
• Frames - Evolution
  
  • Iron & Steel
    
    • Introduction - Loads and Stresses
      
    • Cast Iron - Manufacture
      
    • Cast Iron - Columns & Beams
      
    • Wrought Iron - Manufacture
      
    • Wrought Iron - Beams & Riveting
      
    • Early Steel Manufacture
      
    • Print version
      
  • Early Textile Mills
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Cromford Mill
      
    • Masson Mill
      
    • Early Lancashire Mills
      
    • Print version
      
  • Mill Evolution
    
    • Ditherington Mill - Early Fireproof Mill
      
    • Belper and Stanley Mills
      
    • Textile Mills - Evolution of Fireproof Floors
      
    • Textile Mills - Style and Size - One
      
    • Textile Mills - Style and Size - Two
      
    • Textile Mills - Power & Services
      
    • Brief Comparison of Mill Construction
      
    • Textile Mills Gallery - One
      
    • Textile Mills Gallery - Two
      
    • Design Guide - Theodore Sington - One
      
    • Design Guide - Theodore Sington - Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Non-framed Bldgs
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Foundations
      
    • Loadbearing Walls - One
      
    • Loadbearing Walls - Two
      
    • Complex Timber Floors
      
    • Fireproof Floors
      
    • Roof Trusses
      
    • Flat Roofs - Asphalt and Bitumen Felt
      
    • Print version
      
  • 1900 Case Studies
    
    • East Mill, Belper
      
    • East Mill - Old Photos
      
    • Bonded Warehouses - Introduction
      
    • Bonded Warehouses - Construction
      
    • Dawn Mill, Shaw - Part One
      
    • Dawn Mill, Shaw - Part Two
      
    • Print version
      
  • Pre-1950s Frames
    
    • Steel - Introduction
      
    • Steel Framing - One
      
    • Steel Framing - Two
      
    • Fireproof Floors - One
      
    • Fireproof Floors - Two
      
    • Concrete - Introduction
      
    • Concrete - Mixing and Placing
      
    • Concrete - Reinforcement
      
    • Cladding - Introduction
      
    • Cladding - Details
      
    • Print version
      
  • 1930 Case Studies
    
    • Steel Framing - Nottingham Council Offices
      
    • Steel Framing - Lewis's, Leeds
      
    • Print version
      
  • Old Drawings
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Barton Street Factory
      
    • Imperial Tobacco Company Warehouse
      
    • Boot Factory
      
    • Pragnell's
      
    • Robinson Building
      
    • Print version
      
  • Shop Spec
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Specification
      
    • Print version
      
• Frames - Modern
  
  • Structures intro
    
    • Introduction 
      
    • Force & Reaction; Moments
      
    • Force and Stress
      
    • Vertical Support – Columns and Walls
      
    • Horizontal Support – Beams
      
    • Bending and Shear Failure in Beams
      
    • Beam Design & Shape
      
    • Struts, Ties and Trusses
      
    • Building Stability
      
    • Portal frames & Arches
      
    • Gallery One
      
    • Gallery Two
      
    • Gallery Three
      
    • Gallery Four
      
    • Gallery Five - Five High Buildings
      
    • Print version
      
  • Concrete Frames
    
    • Introduction - Advantages of Concrete
      
    • Options for Concrete Frames
      
    • Examples of Concrete Frames
      
    • Reinforcement - Introduction
      
    • Reinforcement - On Site
      
    • Formwork
      
    • Gallery - Formwork and  Reinforcement
      
    • Pre-cast Concrete - Introduction
      
    • Pre-cast Systems - More Examples
      
    • Print version
      
  • Steel Frames
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Frame - Components
      
    • Frame Layout
      
    • Bracing & Fire Protection
      
    • Suspended Floors - One - Precast Floors
      
    • Suspended Floors - Two - Insitu Floors with Permanent Formwork
      
    • Portal Frames
      
    • Gallery One - 1960s to 1990s Multi Storey Frames
      
    • Gallery Two - Modern Frames
      
    • Gallery Three - University Building
      
    • Print version
      
  • Cladding
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Brick Claddings - One
      
    • Brick Claddings - Two
      
    • Infill Panels
      
    • Insulated Render Systems
      
    • Rainscreen Claddings
      
    • Curtain Walling
      
    • Gallery - Quiz
      
    • Print version
      
  • Flat Roofs
    
    • Introduction
      
    • Asphalt Roofs
      
    • Felt Roofs
      
    • Lead Roofs
      
    • Print version
      
• Terms of Use
  
• Licence for DVD users